www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tbxN5uwaqA
- Cloning video
video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=246187639814358296&ei=NH4lS6qJIIHKqgPvps3JAQ
q=cloning&hl=en&view=3# - Dolly, the sheep video
Sunday, December 13, 2009
References
http://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/
http://science.howstuffworks.com/genetic-science/human-cloning2.htm
http://www.religioustolerance.org/cloning.htm
http://socialissues.wiseto.com/Articles/FO3020640070/?print
http://atheism.about.com/library/chronologies/blchron_sci_cloning.htm
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethical-issues-of-cloning.html
http://www.publicagenda.org/files/charts/rf_medresearch_cloning_human_treatments2.png
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/cloningmyths/images/instantclones.gif
http://researchers.in.th/file/sudjai/cloning.jpg
www.gdargaud.net/
http://www.publicagenda.org/files/chart/pcc_medresearch_oppose_cloning_religious_beliefs.png
Ethical Issues
Cloning is a big issue that a lot of people care about. Some agree with it, others don’t and several agree with it until some point. Cloning does a lot of good: for mother who wants to get pregnant and cloning is their last chance of having a baby, therapeutic Cloning or Cellular cloning. One issue is that the baby might have hidden health flaws. There are people that agree with cloning and think it is okay to do research for the sake of science and knowing more. Other do not, because they believe creating a human life should be up to God and we shouldn’t recreate others. Also with creating clones we are recreating people, how would the clones feel, knowing that they are a copy of someone and that in human nature, everyone is unique and different. Some people think that creating clones means a new kind of slavery. Other think that cloning is a new way to reproduce the “best” in human species, the question is who will be able to decide this. Cloning is only available to people with money, will that mean that only they will be able to pass on their genes?
History
1885 - August Weismann said that the genetic information of a cell would diminish as the cell is differentiated (process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function).
1888 - Wilhelm Roux, for the first time, experimented with the germ theory resulting in supporting Weismann’s theory. He destroyed one of the two cell frog embryo with a hot needle, and got a half-embryo.
1902 - Hans Spemann successfully split a two celled salamander embryo and the cells grew. He disapproved Weismann’s theory that with every division information was lost.
1944 - Oswald Avery found that DNA carries a cell's genetic information.
1952 - Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King did the first cloning of an animal. They cloned northern leopard frogs.
1953 - Francis Crick and James Watson, discovered the structure of DNA while working at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.
1962 - Biologist John Gurdon announced that he had cloned South African frogs using the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells. This demonstrated that the information doesn’t diminish as it becomes specified.
1967 - The enzyme responsible for binding together strands of DNA was isolated.
1969 - James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith declared that they had secluded the first gene.
1972 - Paul Berg combined the DNA of two different organisms, creating the first recombinant DNA molecules.
1973 - Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. Taking DNA from two different organisms and combining them.
1977 - Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice with only a single parent.
1978 - Baby Louise, the first child conceived through in vitro(made in a laboratory vessel or other controlled experimental environment rather than within a living organism or natural setting) fertilization, was born.
1979 - Karl Illmensee declared that he cloned three mice.
1983 - The first human mother-to-mother embryo transfer was completed.
1984 - Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells. By sing the process of nuclear transfer to clone the first mammal.
1985 - Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic livestock: pigs that produced human growth hormone.
1986 - Neal First, Randal Prather and Willard Eyestone used early embryo cells to clone a cow.
1993 - Human embryos were first cloned.
July 1995 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned two sheep, Megan and Morag by using differentiated embryo cells.
July 5 -1996 Dolly, the first organism ever to be cloned from adult cells was declared.
February 23, 1997 - Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland officially announced the birth of "Dolly".
July 1997 - The scientists Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset lamb. It was created from skin cells grown in a lab and they were genetically modified to contain human gene.
1997 - Same scientists that created Dolly, cloned mouse. Shortly afterward, 22 of her cloned siblings joined them (some of whom were cloned from clones).
2003 - A tropical fish that is fluorescent bright red becomes the first genetically modified pet to go on sale in the US.
1888 - Wilhelm Roux, for the first time, experimented with the germ theory resulting in supporting Weismann’s theory. He destroyed one of the two cell frog embryo with a hot needle, and got a half-embryo.
1902 - Hans Spemann successfully split a two celled salamander embryo and the cells grew. He disapproved Weismann’s theory that with every division information was lost.
1944 - Oswald Avery found that DNA carries a cell's genetic information.
1952 - Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King did the first cloning of an animal. They cloned northern leopard frogs.
1953 - Francis Crick and James Watson, discovered the structure of DNA while working at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.
1962 - Biologist John Gurdon announced that he had cloned South African frogs using the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells. This demonstrated that the information doesn’t diminish as it becomes specified.
1967 - The enzyme responsible for binding together strands of DNA was isolated.
1969 - James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith declared that they had secluded the first gene.
1972 - Paul Berg combined the DNA of two different organisms, creating the first recombinant DNA molecules.
1973 - Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. Taking DNA from two different organisms and combining them.
1977 - Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice with only a single parent.
1978 - Baby Louise, the first child conceived through in vitro(made in a laboratory vessel or other controlled experimental environment rather than within a living organism or natural setting) fertilization, was born.
1979 - Karl Illmensee declared that he cloned three mice.
1983 - The first human mother-to-mother embryo transfer was completed.
1984 - Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells. By sing the process of nuclear transfer to clone the first mammal.
1985 - Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic livestock: pigs that produced human growth hormone.
1986 - Neal First, Randal Prather and Willard Eyestone used early embryo cells to clone a cow.
1993 - Human embryos were first cloned.
July 1995 - Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell cloned two sheep, Megan and Morag by using differentiated embryo cells.
July 5 -1996 Dolly, the first organism ever to be cloned from adult cells was declared.
February 23, 1997 - Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland officially announced the birth of "Dolly".
July 1997 - The scientists Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset lamb. It was created from skin cells grown in a lab and they were genetically modified to contain human gene.
1997 - Same scientists that created Dolly, cloned mouse. Shortly afterward, 22 of her cloned siblings joined them (some of whom were cloned from clones).
2003 - A tropical fish that is fluorescent bright red becomes the first genetically modified pet to go on sale in the US.
Wednesday, December 9, 2009
Applications/Uses
Therapeutic cloning is used when DNA is taken from a sick organism, and then inserted into a donors egg. After this process the egg acts like any fertilized egg. Stem cells are removed from the embryo, and then any kind of organ or tissue can grow from these stem cells to treat diseases.DNA cloning is used to clone an existing animal. For this cloning tecnique to work the DNA from an ovum (female reproductive cell) is removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal. It it is then fertilized and called a pre-embryo, and develop into an exact clone.
Cloning can be used for many things. A good example of what it could be used for to help is cloning farm animals. This way the farms would get double the animals for help, meat, or wool.
Brief Description
Cloning is the recreation of an organism that is exactly the same. In order for anything to be a clone, every bit of DNA has to be the same. Dolly the sheep is famous for being cloned. This means that there is a sheep that is just like her, it has every single bit of DNA that she has. The most common process of cloning is called "nuclear transfer," and it requires two types of cells. The first one is a somatic cell, and the other one is an unfertilized egg from another sheep. Usually an egg has DNA from the female sheep, but to make it a clone only DNA from one sheep is required. Therefore, scientists has to clean out all the DNA from the unfertilized egg to make it a clone from only one sheep.
Other types of cloning are DNA cloning, and therapeutic cloning.
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